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Control process of oxide inclusions in ultralow carbon IF steel Steelmaking    2024, 40 (6): 75-82.   Abstract （118）      PDF（pc） （3402KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the castability and cleanliness of ultra-low carbon IF steel in continuous casting, the optimization of converter bottom blowing process, carbon and oxygen contents control at the endpoint, top slag modification, efficient vacuum deeper decarburization technology and enhancing protection of casting process were carried out. The results showed that using the annular-tubes type bottom nozzle instead of the original capillary type gas permeable brick bottom blowing, the single tube bottom blowing intensity 0.086 m3/(t·min), and the stirring energy 0.40 W/t, which could significantly improve the stirring capacity in the later stage of blowing. The average carbon and oxygen product of the molten steel at the endpoint of the converter reached 0.002 09. The vacuum was rapidly pumped to the limit vacuum degree, and the vacuum decarburization efficiency was the highest at 3-5 min forced oxygen blowing stage and holding 8-12 min under limit vacuum degree. Reducing the residual oxygen content after vacuum decarburization and optimizing the top slag composition of ladle could significantly reduce the Al2O3 inclusion formation and promote the adsorption and dissolution of inclusions by top slag. With the protection of continuous casting,the control level of oxide inclusion and pouring ability of molten steel has been significantly improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical simulation and industrial testing of the interaction between oxygen lance and molten pool in a 210 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (2): 30-37.   Abstract （142）      PDF（pc） （1174KB）（230）       Knowledge map    Save To solve the problems of low oxygen supply intensity and long smelting cycle in the 210 t large converter, 10 oxygen lance nozzles were designed and water model test were performed. The results showed that the impact cavity formed by the 5-hole oxygen lance jet had better independence, and under the same oxygen flow rate, its impact depth was greater than that of the 6-hole oxygen lance. Among the ten oxygen lance nozzles, the nozzle 3 and nozzle 4 have the best impact depth. The impact area (radius) significantly increases with the increase of inclination angle, and the nozzle 3, 4, 9 and 10 have better impact areas compared with other nozzles. Therefore, the nozzle 3 was used as the new 5-hole oxygen lance for industrial testing, and the nozzle 9 was used as the new 6-hole oxygen lance for industrial testing. The experimental results were compared with the original 6-hole oxygen lance. The industrial test results show that in terms of phosphorus removal ability, the new 6-hole lance is the best, while the original 6-hole lance is the worst. Compared to the original 6-hole lance, the new 5-hole lance does not have the ability to shorten the oxygen supply time, while the average oxygen supply time of the new 6-hole lance is shortened by 22 s. In terms of lifespan, the new 5-hole lance is not as good as the original 6-hole lance, while the lifespan of the new 6-hole lance is equivalent to that of the original 6-hole lance.Compared to the original 6-hole lance, the new 6hole lance has a significant effect on reducing the total iron content in slag and steel material consumption. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and prospect on converter slag dephosphorization and recycling technology Steelmaking    2026, 42 (3): 1-10.   Abstract （25）      PDF（pc） （9210KB）（31）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and practice on longlife technology of ultrawide slab continuous caster mould Steelmaking    2023, 39 (1): 53-59.   Abstract （348）      PDF（pc） （1201KB）（148）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization and industrial testing of refining slag system for silicon killed steel Q235B Steelmaking    2024, 40 (6): 32-40.   Abstract （115）      PDF（pc） （2962KB）（130）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the cleanliness of silicon-killed steel Q235B and find a suitable refining slag system, thermodynamic calculations and laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the appropriate composition of refining slag and reduce the basicity of the original process slag system.The basicity of the optimized slag system was controlled between 1.70 and 2.0, and the mass fraction of Al2O3 was controlled between 7.0% and 10.0%. The optimized slag system were successfully used in industrial tests.The results showed that after optimizing the slag system, the mass fraction of T.O in Q235B silicon killed steel after LF refining in the industrial test furnace could be reduced to 42×10-6 on average, with a minimum of 26×10-6.The average mass fraction of  T.O in the slab can be reduced to less than 35×10-6. The maximum diameter of the inclusions in the tundish can be controlled below 20 μm,the number density of inclusions in the rolled material can be controlled below 15/mm2, and the area fraction of inclusions in the rolled material can be controlled below  35×10-6. The grade of inclusions in steel was significantly reduced and the cleanliness of molten steel was improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Gasification characteristics and exergy analysis on pulverized coal-CO2 in wet flue gas of 120 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 90-96.   Abstract （89）      PDF（pc） （1395KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save In order to make the converter vaporizing flue blowing pulverized coal process applied to iron and steel production with low cost and high applicability, and to achieve the purpose of carbon reduction, it is necessary to study the reaction characteristics of pulverized coal gasification-conversion reaction with CO2 in high temperature flue gas of converter as well as to conduct the exergy. The reaction characteristics of pulverized C-CO2 under different atmospheric and temperature conditions were investigated by settling furnace experiments, and industrial tests were carried out in a 120 t converter wet flue gas system, the change in exergy loss and exergy efficiency was calculated during the test.The results of the settling furnace experiments showed that the higher the reaction temperature was, the more favorable the reaction of pulverized C-CO2 was, and it reached the maximum at 1 350 ℃; with the increase of CO2∶CO ratio in the atmosphere, the conversion of CO2 in the flue gas showed an increasing trend.The results of the industrial experiments showed that, in the case of pulverized coal blowing amount of 3.76 kg/t, the average volume fraction of CO in the converter gas increased by 5.53 percentage points, the average volume fraction of CO2 decreased by 3.83 percentage points, and the value of the recovered gas increased by 2 690.95 kJ/m3.And with the increase of coal injection, the exergy efficiency increased by 89.06% which showed that it was feasible to convert CO2 into CO by blowing pulverized coal in the converter vaporizing flue, and the pulverized coal-CO2 gasification reaction was well. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation and application of lance with double Mach number on characteristics of supersonic oxygen jets in 210 t converter steelmaking Steelmaking    2023, 39 (1): 35-41.   Abstract （253）      PDF（pc） （1483KB）（205）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical simulation and application research on the secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle of a 100 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (2): 16-23.   Abstract （124）      PDF（pc） （3318KB）（183）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the oxygen supply parameters of a 100 t converter, a secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle was designed and the turbulent jet characteristics of the fluid inside the converter were described through  k-ε  model calculation. A secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle with a diameter of 13.3 mm, a tilt angle of  38°, and 8 secondary holes was design. The nozzle was applied in industrial production under the condition of oxygen flow rate of  24 500-26 000 m3/h and working oxygen pressure of 0.85 MPa. Industrial tests showed that the secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle could meet the normal requirements for converter slagging. Compared to conventional oxygen lance nozzles, the secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle had better smelting effect at the upper limit of oxygen flow rate of 26 000 m3/h, which was beneficial for controlling converter splashing and slag overflow. The secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle could exert the secondary combustion effect of CO in the furnace, increase the temperature of molten steel by 23.80 ℃, increase the scrap ratio by 1.48%, and achieve good application results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the evolution law of inclusions in LF refining process of SWRH72A steel Steelmaking    2026, 42 (3): 41-47.   Abstract （15）      PDF（pc） （15883KB）（25）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of deoxidation and alloying process for the cleanliness of Al-killed steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (1): 53-62.   Abstract （299）      PDF（pc） （2103KB）（212）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Present development and prospect of RH vacuum refining Steelmaking    2025, 41 (1): 1-11.   Abstract （724）      PDF（pc） （1360KB）（343）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and judgment method of liquid slag layer thickness in mold measured by copper-coated steel wire Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 59-65.   Abstract （150）      PDF（pc） （4329KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, steel plants mainly use copper-coated steel wire to measure the thickness of the liquid slag layer in the mold, but this method lacks standardized judgment criteria and accurate evaluation. In this study, a high-frequency induction furnace was used to simulate the mold's thermal environment, and copper-coated steel wire was employed to measure slag layer thickness. The post-measurement characteristics of the copper-coated steel wire were analyzed by SEM-EDS. Then, its formation mechanism was analyzed, and the judgment method was optimized. The results show that the powder layer and the upper part of the sintering layer do not reach the copper melting point (1 083 ℃) with no obvious change on the surface of the copper-coated steel wire. The temperature of the lower part of the sintering layer is over 1 083 ℃, after the copper melts, the exposed steel wire oxidizes to black. As the liquid slag layer heats up, the wire gets immersed and turns bright white. This parts not fully covered oxidize slightly, appearing grey. The length of the grey and white sections indicates the slag layer's thickness. This judgment method has been verified in the continuous casting site, but its accuracy is not as good as double-wire wetting method.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of initial aluminum and oxygen contents on the formation and removal of inclusions in steel Steelmaking    2026, 42 (3): 48-55.   Abstract （10）      PDF（pc） （7407KB）（20）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction of average carbon content in continuous-casting billets with small samples based on causal migration model Steelmaking    2026, 42 (3): 85-94.   Abstract （17）      PDF（pc） （10257KB）（19）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on mechanism of submerged entry nozzle clogging in continuous casting Steelmaking    2025, 41 (6): 1-9.   Abstract （81）      PDF（pc） （1569KB）（99）       Knowledge map    Save Nozzle clogging is a prevalent issue in continuous casting. It not only disrupts casting stability but escalates into nozzle blockage in severe case, resulting in decreased production efficiency and slab quality deterioration. The composition and structure of clogging deposits for typical steel grades were summarized. The mechanisms of submerged entry nozzle clogging were reviewed from three aspects: the physical adhesion of inclusions, chemical reactions in steel-refractory system, and the temperature drop resulted from the insufficient preheating.Chemical reactions were emphasized, including decarburization reactions, interactions between molten steel and refractory, and reoxidation reactions. Additionally,the discussion extended to numerical simulation studies in regard to nozzle clogging, mainly including flow field simulations and model of inclusion motion. Finally, the prevention strategies against nozzle clogging were discussed: the cleanliness improvement of steel, the argon blowing technique,the optimization of SEN parameters, and the external electric field and magnetic field treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on key technologies of high scrap ratio steelmaking process in converter Steelmaking    2026, 42 (3): 21-31.   Abstract （19）      PDF（pc） （12178KB）（18）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of calcium treatment methods on inclusions in pipeline steel Steelmaking    2026, 42 (3): 56-64.   Abstract （13）      PDF（pc） （9452KB）（17）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Theoretical analysis on the slag forming route of converter gasification dephosphorization slag with remaining slag blowing Steelmaking    2024, 40 (1): 19-23.   Abstract （182）      PDF（pc） （925KB）（251）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Mold level fluctuation and nozzle clogging control of low aluminum non oriented silicon steel in casting process Steelmaking    2022, 38 (6): 46-51.   Abstract （245）      PDF（pc） （1034KB）（104）       Knowledge map    Save The clogs in SEN and inclusions in steelmaking process were analyzed by electron microscope, energy spectrum and phase analysis equipment. The results show that the large fluctuation range of mold level in W800 low aluminum non oriented silicon steel casting process is mainly caused by the accumulation of Al2O3 inclusions in the submerged nozzle. From RH ending to tundish, with the increase of slag oxidizability, the number density of Al2O3 inclusions increases gradually. Meanwhile, when w(CaO)/w(Al2O3) is less than 1.7 in slag, with the increase of w(CaO)/w(Al2O3), the activity of FeO decreases, and the number density of Al2O3 inclusions also decreases gradually. The addition of Al2O3 inclusions mainly come from the secondary oxidation of molten steel by top slag. The argon blowing flow of the stopper is small, and the inclusions will gather at the nozzle. Excessive argon blowing flow will cause large fluctuation range of mold liquid level. Proper stopper argon flow can effectively control the fluctuation range of mold liquid level. Through slag composition control and stopper argon flow adjustment, the cleanliness of molten steel is significantly improved, the number density of inclusions in tundish molten steel is reduced from 0.41/mm2 to 0.35/mm2, the compliance rate of mold liquid level fluctuation within ±1.5 mm is significantly increased, and the compliance rate is stable at more than 90 %. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dual functions and control methods of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (3): 19-.   Abstract （115）      PDF（pc） （4142KB）（203）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics