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Present development and prospect of RH vacuum refining Steelmaking    2025, 41 (1): 1-11.   Abstract （724）      PDF（pc） （1360KB）（343）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Control process of oxide inclusions in ultralow carbon IF steel Steelmaking    2024, 40 (6): 75-82.   Abstract （118）      PDF（pc） （3402KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the castability and cleanliness of ultra-low carbon IF steel in continuous casting, the optimization of converter bottom blowing process, carbon and oxygen contents control at the endpoint, top slag modification, efficient vacuum deeper decarburization technology and enhancing protection of casting process were carried out. The results showed that using the annular-tubes type bottom nozzle instead of the original capillary type gas permeable brick bottom blowing, the single tube bottom blowing intensity 0.086 m3/(t·min), and the stirring energy 0.40 W/t, which could significantly improve the stirring capacity in the later stage of blowing. The average carbon and oxygen product of the molten steel at the endpoint of the converter reached 0.002 09. The vacuum was rapidly pumped to the limit vacuum degree, and the vacuum decarburization efficiency was the highest at 3-5 min forced oxygen blowing stage and holding 8-12 min under limit vacuum degree. Reducing the residual oxygen content after vacuum decarburization and optimizing the top slag composition of ladle could significantly reduce the Al2O3 inclusion formation and promote the adsorption and dissolution of inclusions by top slag. With the protection of continuous casting,the control level of oxide inclusion and pouring ability of molten steel has been significantly improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical simulation and industrial testing of the interaction between oxygen lance and molten pool in a 210 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (2): 30-37.   Abstract （142）      PDF（pc） （1174KB）（230）       Knowledge map    Save To solve the problems of low oxygen supply intensity and long smelting cycle in the 210 t large converter, 10 oxygen lance nozzles were designed and water model test were performed. The results showed that the impact cavity formed by the 5-hole oxygen lance jet had better independence, and under the same oxygen flow rate, its impact depth was greater than that of the 6-hole oxygen lance. Among the ten oxygen lance nozzles, the nozzle 3 and nozzle 4 have the best impact depth. The impact area (radius) significantly increases with the increase of inclination angle, and the nozzle 3, 4, 9 and 10 have better impact areas compared with other nozzles. Therefore, the nozzle 3 was used as the new 5-hole oxygen lance for industrial testing, and the nozzle 9 was used as the new 6-hole oxygen lance for industrial testing. The experimental results were compared with the original 6-hole oxygen lance. The industrial test results show that in terms of phosphorus removal ability, the new 6-hole lance is the best, while the original 6-hole lance is the worst. Compared to the original 6-hole lance, the new 5-hole lance does not have the ability to shorten the oxygen supply time, while the average oxygen supply time of the new 6-hole lance is shortened by 22 s. In terms of lifespan, the new 5-hole lance is not as good as the original 6-hole lance, while the lifespan of the new 6-hole lance is equivalent to that of the original 6-hole lance.Compared to the original 6-hole lance, the new 6hole lance has a significant effect on reducing the total iron content in slag and steel material consumption. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of deoxidation and alloying process for the cleanliness of Al-killed steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (1): 53-62.   Abstract （299）      PDF（pc） （2103KB）（212）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Dual functions and control methods of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (3): 19-.   Abstract （115）      PDF（pc） （4142KB）（203）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical simulation and application research on the secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle of a 100 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (2): 16-23.   Abstract （124）      PDF（pc） （3318KB）（183）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the oxygen supply parameters of a 100 t converter, a secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle was designed and the turbulent jet characteristics of the fluid inside the converter were described through  k-ε  model calculation. A secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle with a diameter of 13.3 mm, a tilt angle of  38°, and 8 secondary holes was design. The nozzle was applied in industrial production under the condition of oxygen flow rate of  24 500-26 000 m3/h and working oxygen pressure of 0.85 MPa. Industrial tests showed that the secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle could meet the normal requirements for converter slagging. Compared to conventional oxygen lance nozzles, the secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle had better smelting effect at the upper limit of oxygen flow rate of 26 000 m3/h, which was beneficial for controlling converter splashing and slag overflow. The secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle could exert the secondary combustion effect of CO in the furnace, increase the temperature of molten steel by 23.80 ℃, increase the scrap ratio by 1.48%, and achieve good application results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on VD refining technology Steelmaking    2024, 40 (4): 1-10.   Abstract （258）      PDF（pc） （12465KB）（164）       Knowledge map    Save Vacuum degassing (VD) refining, characterized by strong reactions between slag and steel within a vacuum atmosphere, serves functions such as degassing, desulfurization, and the control of non-metallic inclusions. This method is of great importance for producing high-quality clean steel. This work presented an overview of the development history and industrial applications of VD refining technology, described in detail the research and production of VD refining in degassing, desulfurization and inclusion control, and gave some suggestions for this process at the end. In VD refining, researches on vacuum degassing (including O, N, H) mainly focused on optimizing process parameters and enhancing equipment performance. It could control [H] in steel within (1-2)×10-6 and [N] within (40-60)×10-6, and denitrogen in VD had some advantages. Regarding desulfurization, VD refining benefitted from favorable thermodynamic and kinetic conditions, enabling control of [S] in steel at relatively low levels. In terms of inclusion control, VD process could decrease the quantity of inclusions effectively and modify inclusions through optimizing slag compositions and process parameters. The related research results had certain guiding significance for the research and industrial production of VD refining, offering favorable references for reducing impurity element content, controlling non-metallic inclusions, as well as improving steel cleanliness. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status and comparison of 300 series stainless steel smelting process Steelmaking    2025, 41 (2): 1-8.   Abstract （166）      PDF（pc） （1181KB）（153）       Knowledge map    Save The common 300 series stainless steel smelting process under different raw material conditions was summarized. According to the different raw material structure, there are five kinds of 300 series stainless steel smelting processes widely used at present. The advantages and disadvantages of five kinds of 300 series stainless steel smelting processes were summarized, and the cost differences of five kinds of smelting processes based on production data were analyzed. The results show that the process of intermediate frequency furnace has cost advantage in the process with total cold raw materials. Compared with total cold raw materials, the process cost is better when the main raw material is nickel hot metal in small BF or RKEF (rotary klin electric furnace). Among all the raw materials, the most cost-competitive process is to use nickel hot metal of RKEF as the main raw material. The research results of this paper can provide reference for the selection of raw materials and process flow of 300 series stainless steel production. Related Articles | Metrics

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Gasification characteristics and exergy analysis on pulverized coal-CO2 in wet flue gas of 120 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 90-96.   Abstract （89）      PDF（pc） （1395KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save In order to make the converter vaporizing flue blowing pulverized coal process applied to iron and steel production with low cost and high applicability, and to achieve the purpose of carbon reduction, it is necessary to study the reaction characteristics of pulverized coal gasification-conversion reaction with CO2 in high temperature flue gas of converter as well as to conduct the exergy. The reaction characteristics of pulverized C-CO2 under different atmospheric and temperature conditions were investigated by settling furnace experiments, and industrial tests were carried out in a 120 t converter wet flue gas system, the change in exergy loss and exergy efficiency was calculated during the test.The results of the settling furnace experiments showed that the higher the reaction temperature was, the more favorable the reaction of pulverized C-CO2 was, and it reached the maximum at 1 350 ℃; with the increase of CO2∶CO ratio in the atmosphere, the conversion of CO2 in the flue gas showed an increasing trend.The results of the industrial experiments showed that, in the case of pulverized coal blowing amount of 3.76 kg/t, the average volume fraction of CO in the converter gas increased by 5.53 percentage points, the average volume fraction of CO2 decreased by 3.83 percentage points, and the value of the recovered gas increased by 2 690.95 kJ/m3.And with the increase of coal injection, the exergy efficiency increased by 89.06% which showed that it was feasible to convert CO2 into CO by blowing pulverized coal in the converter vaporizing flue, and the pulverized coal-CO2 gasification reaction was well. Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction model of phosphorus content in converter steelmaking based on  ensemble learning Steelmaking    2025, 41 (2): 9-15.   Abstract （199）      PDF（pc） （1550KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save Accurate prediction of endpoint phosphorus content can solve the problem that the composition of molten steel cannot be continuously detected during the converter blowing process, promote the rapid tapping of the converter and shorten the smelting cycle.Based on the actual production data of a 100 t converter in a steel mill in Hunan Province, a prediction model of molten steel phosphorus content at the end of the converter based on an ensemble learning algorithm was established. The main influencing factors were determined by analyzing the converter dephosphorization process, and the input variables of the model were determined based on the actual production of the steel mill. The interquartile range method, LOF algorithm and other methods were used for data preprocessing, and the best parameters of the model were determined by combining the 10-fold cross validation method and the grid search method.Four ensemble learning algorithms (RF, AdaBoost, MultiBoosting, and Stacking) were used to establish the models, and  the prediction results of the four models were compared, it was found that the Stacking model had the best prediction effect, with the highest hit rate, the lowest root mean square error and the average absolute percentage error, and the hit rates were 86.08% and 97.84% when the error of molten steel phosphorus mass fraction at the prediction end point was ±0.003% and ±0.005%, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Process practice of smelting ultra-low carbon automobile steel by the electric arc furnace Steelmaking    2024, 40 (4): 74-79.   Abstract （620）      PDF（pc） （6424KB）（132）       Knowledge map    Save The production of ultra-low carbon automobile plate DC04 steel by scrap management-EAF-RH vacuum treatmentslab continuous casting process was introduced. Aiming at the problem that C, N and residual elements were difficult to control in short-process smelting process, the reaction principle and production process were emphatically analyzed. The targeted process improvement schemes and technical measures were adopted from scrap management, EAF, vacuum refining to continuous casting, including establishing digital scrap management mode, optimizing EAF endpoint control and scrap preheating process, accurate control of RH vacuum degree and optimization of slag system, revising raw materials standards for continuous casting and optimizing process parameters.The mass fraction of carbon and nitrogen elements in steel was reduced to below 0.002 5 % and 0.003 0 % respectively, and the mass fraction of residual elements of molybdenum, nickel, copper and boron in steel were reduced to below 0.02 %, 0.05 %, 0.08 % and 0.000 6 % respectively, which met the standard requirements of DC04 steel for ultra-low carbon automobile plates and improved the product quality. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization and industrial testing of refining slag system for silicon killed steel Q235B Steelmaking    2024, 40 (6): 32-40.   Abstract （115）      PDF（pc） （2962KB）（130）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the cleanliness of silicon-killed steel Q235B and find a suitable refining slag system, thermodynamic calculations and laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the appropriate composition of refining slag and reduce the basicity of the original process slag system.The basicity of the optimized slag system was controlled between 1.70 and 2.0, and the mass fraction of Al2O3 was controlled between 7.0% and 10.0%. The optimized slag system were successfully used in industrial tests.The results showed that after optimizing the slag system, the mass fraction of T.O in Q235B silicon killed steel after LF refining in the industrial test furnace could be reduced to 42×10-6 on average, with a minimum of 26×10-6.The average mass fraction of  T.O in the slab can be reduced to less than 35×10-6. The maximum diameter of the inclusions in the tundish can be controlled below 20 μm,the number density of inclusions in the rolled material can be controlled below 15/mm2, and the area fraction of inclusions in the rolled material can be controlled below  35×10-6. The grade of inclusions in steel was significantly reduced and the cleanliness of molten steel was improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Grain growth behavior and influence of precipitates in Nb microalloyed gear steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (1): 95-104.   Abstract （321）      PDF（pc） （3744KB）（127）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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New research progress on the resource utilization of steelmaking slag in Japan Steelmaking    2025, 41 (5): 1-10.   Abstract （96）      PDF（pc） （2380KB）（124）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation study and optimization strategy of key influencing factors in bottom blowing argon process of 130 t ladle Steelmaking    2025, 41 (3): 47-.   Abstract （81）      PDF（pc） （3054KB）（114）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction of phosphorus content in molten steel at the end of converter blowing based on Stacking algorithm Steelmaking    2024, 40 (4): 11-16.   Abstract （167）      PDF（pc） （6951KB）（114）       Knowledge map    Save According to the actual production data of 120 t converter of Zhongtian Iron and Steel Group Co., Ltd., a prediction model of phosphorus content in molten steel at the end of converter blowing based on Stacking algorithm was established. The main factors influencing dephosphorization were determined through the thermodynamic analysis of dephosphorization, and then the input variables of the model were determined. After the data preprocessing was completed, six machine learning algorithms (RF, ET, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, and NN) were used to establish the models, and then the prediction results of these six models were used for Stacking ensemble modeling by multiple linear regression algorithm. By comparing the prediction results of these seven models, it could be concluded that the Stacking ensemble model had the best prediction effect, and the hit rates of the predicted endpoint phosphorus mass fraction were 90.59 % and 97.56 % when the error interval was ±0.004 % and ±0.005 %, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Latest progress in physical simulation of flow field，slag entrapment，and unsteady processes in slab continuous casting mold Steelmaking    2025, 41 (3): 1-.   Abstract （159）      PDF（pc） （4289KB）（113）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of FeO in refining slag on cleanliness of low carbon aluminum killed steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (3): 57-.   Abstract （111）      PDF（pc） （1211KB）（111）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and judgment method of liquid slag layer thickness in mold measured by copper-coated steel wire Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 59-65.   Abstract （150）      PDF（pc） （4329KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, steel plants mainly use copper-coated steel wire to measure the thickness of the liquid slag layer in the mold, but this method lacks standardized judgment criteria and accurate evaluation. In this study, a high-frequency induction furnace was used to simulate the mold's thermal environment, and copper-coated steel wire was employed to measure slag layer thickness. The post-measurement characteristics of the copper-coated steel wire were analyzed by SEM-EDS. Then, its formation mechanism was analyzed, and the judgment method was optimized. The results show that the powder layer and the upper part of the sintering layer do not reach the copper melting point (1 083 ℃) with no obvious change on the surface of the copper-coated steel wire. The temperature of the lower part of the sintering layer is over 1 083 ℃, after the copper melts, the exposed steel wire oxidizes to black. As the liquid slag layer heats up, the wire gets immersed and turns bright white. This parts not fully covered oxidize slightly, appearing grey. The length of the grey and white sections indicates the slag layer's thickness. This judgment method has been verified in the continuous casting site, but its accuracy is not as good as double-wire wetting method.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and carbon emission analysis of CO2 top-bottom combined blowing process in 210 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (6): 23-29.   Abstract （95）      PDF（pc） （1155KB）（109）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the actual experimental data of a 210 t converter in a steel enterprise in Shandong Province, the impact of introducing CO2 into the converter steelmaking process on smelting performance and carbon emissions was explored. The results indicate that the CO2 injection process can effectively improve the dephosphorization rate of the converter, reduce the end-point carbon oxygen product, increase the recovery and calorific value of the converter gas, and significantly optimize the resource utilization efficiency. And it effectively reduces the generation of solid waste. In terms of carbon reduction, compared with conventional processes, the converter CO2 top and bottom combined blowing process reduces the carbon emissions per ton of steel by 8.5% to 11.6%. The CO2 top and bottom combined blowing steelmaking process not only improved smelting efficiency and economic benefits, but also had significant advantages in low-carbon transformation, providing an effective path for the steel industry to achieve green development. Related Articles | Metrics