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Gasification characteristics and exergy analysis on pulverized coal-CO2 in wet flue gas of 120 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 90-96.   Abstract （89）      PDF（pc） （1395KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save In order to make the converter vaporizing flue blowing pulverized coal process applied to iron and steel production with low cost and high applicability, and to achieve the purpose of carbon reduction, it is necessary to study the reaction characteristics of pulverized coal gasification-conversion reaction with CO2 in high temperature flue gas of converter as well as to conduct the exergy. The reaction characteristics of pulverized C-CO2 under different atmospheric and temperature conditions were investigated by settling furnace experiments, and industrial tests were carried out in a 120 t converter wet flue gas system, the change in exergy loss and exergy efficiency was calculated during the test.The results of the settling furnace experiments showed that the higher the reaction temperature was, the more favorable the reaction of pulverized C-CO2 was, and it reached the maximum at 1 350 ℃; with the increase of CO2∶CO ratio in the atmosphere, the conversion of CO2 in the flue gas showed an increasing trend.The results of the industrial experiments showed that, in the case of pulverized coal blowing amount of 3.76 kg/t, the average volume fraction of CO in the converter gas increased by 5.53 percentage points, the average volume fraction of CO2 decreased by 3.83 percentage points, and the value of the recovered gas increased by 2 690.95 kJ/m3.And with the increase of coal injection, the exergy efficiency increased by 89.06% which showed that it was feasible to convert CO2 into CO by blowing pulverized coal in the converter vaporizing flue, and the pulverized coal-CO2 gasification reaction was well. Related Articles | Metrics

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New research progress on the resource utilization of steelmaking slag in Japan Steelmaking    2025, 41 (5): 1-10.   Abstract （96）      PDF（pc） （2380KB）（124）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and judgment method of liquid slag layer thickness in mold measured by copper-coated steel wire Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 59-65.   Abstract （150）      PDF（pc） （4329KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, steel plants mainly use copper-coated steel wire to measure the thickness of the liquid slag layer in the mold, but this method lacks standardized judgment criteria and accurate evaluation. In this study, a high-frequency induction furnace was used to simulate the mold's thermal environment, and copper-coated steel wire was employed to measure slag layer thickness. The post-measurement characteristics of the copper-coated steel wire were analyzed by SEM-EDS. Then, its formation mechanism was analyzed, and the judgment method was optimized. The results show that the powder layer and the upper part of the sintering layer do not reach the copper melting point (1 083 ℃) with no obvious change on the surface of the copper-coated steel wire. The temperature of the lower part of the sintering layer is over 1 083 ℃, after the copper melts, the exposed steel wire oxidizes to black. As the liquid slag layer heats up, the wire gets immersed and turns bright white. This parts not fully covered oxidize slightly, appearing grey. The length of the grey and white sections indicates the slag layer's thickness. This judgment method has been verified in the continuous casting site, but its accuracy is not as good as double-wire wetting method.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and carbon emission analysis of CO2 top-bottom combined blowing process in 210 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (6): 23-29.   Abstract （95）      PDF（pc） （1155KB）（109）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the actual experimental data of a 210 t converter in a steel enterprise in Shandong Province, the impact of introducing CO2 into the converter steelmaking process on smelting performance and carbon emissions was explored. The results indicate that the CO2 injection process can effectively improve the dephosphorization rate of the converter, reduce the end-point carbon oxygen product, increase the recovery and calorific value of the converter gas, and significantly optimize the resource utilization efficiency. And it effectively reduces the generation of solid waste. In terms of carbon reduction, compared with conventional processes, the converter CO2 top and bottom combined blowing process reduces the carbon emissions per ton of steel by 8.5% to 11.6%. The CO2 top and bottom combined blowing steelmaking process not only improved smelting efficiency and economic benefits, but also had significant advantages in low-carbon transformation, providing an effective path for the steel industry to achieve green development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and prospect of carbonization treatment of BOF slag Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 1-9.   Abstract （313）      PDF（pc） （1548KB）（102）       Knowledge map    Save Two types of direct carbonization methods of BOF slag, and their influencing factors and kinetics mechanism were summarized. The possible rate-limiting step for hotstage carbonation treatment of slag is the diffusion of CO2 through the product layer to the unreacted zone inside the particle. The increase of temperature can accelerate the diffusion rate of CO2, and the decrease of particle size of slag can reduce the thickness of product layer that inhibits the diffusion, thus which can contribute to enhancement of CO2 sequestration and improvement of conversion rate during hot-stage carbonation treatment of slag. The main controlling step for aqueous carbonation treatment is the diffusion of calcium from the inside to the surface of steel slag. Reducing the particle size of steel slag and destroying the product layer by ultrasonic vibration are the most effective ways to accelerate the diffusion leaching of calcium. Due to the high temperature of steel slag from the converter, and both carbonization methods have some limitations, it is considerable to combine the two ways. The slag with high temperature is carbonized by hot-stage carbonation treatment at elevated temperature during cooling. By reducing the particle size of steel slag and increasing the CO2 pressure, the CO2 sequestration and calcium conversion rate are improved. Fixing a part of calcium through hot-stage carbonation and then performing aqueous carbonation is beneficial for shortening the aqueous carbonation time. After the steel slag is cooled and continued to be milled, aqueous carbonation treatment is carried out. Combined with size optimization and ultrasonic utilization, the steel slag can be carbonized to the maximum extent, which is more promising for energy save and emission reduction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on mechanism of submerged entry nozzle clogging in continuous casting Steelmaking    2025, 41 (6): 1-9.   Abstract （81）      PDF（pc） （1569KB）（99）       Knowledge map    Save Nozzle clogging is a prevalent issue in continuous casting. It not only disrupts casting stability but escalates into nozzle blockage in severe case, resulting in decreased production efficiency and slab quality deterioration. The composition and structure of clogging deposits for typical steel grades were summarized. The mechanisms of submerged entry nozzle clogging were reviewed from three aspects: the physical adhesion of inclusions, chemical reactions in steel-refractory system, and the temperature drop resulted from the insufficient preheating.Chemical reactions were emphasized, including decarburization reactions, interactions between molten steel and refractory, and reoxidation reactions. Additionally,the discussion extended to numerical simulation studies in regard to nozzle clogging, mainly including flow field simulations and model of inclusion motion. Finally, the prevention strategies against nozzle clogging were discussed: the cleanliness improvement of steel, the argon blowing technique,the optimization of SEN parameters, and the external electric field and magnetic field treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on control technology of ultra-low dissolved oxygen content after RH decarburization#br# Steelmaking    2025, 41 (5): 24-29.   Abstract （117）      PDF（pc） （1093KB）（90）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of calcium treatment on the transient evolution of inclusions in sulfur-containing Al-killed steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (5): 51-59.   Abstract （91）      PDF（pc） （3971KB）（83）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Kinetic study on the gaseous dephosphorization from converter slag Steelmaking    2025, 41 (5): 17-23.   Abstract （108）      PDF（pc） （923KB）（73）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization and application of LF refining slag for X65MS pipeline steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (5): 35-41.   Abstract （186）      PDF（pc） （4576KB）（71）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and application of an accurate alloy  control model for steelmaking process Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 28-35.   Abstract （216）      PDF（pc） （1322KB）（71）       Knowledge map    Save In order to realize the precise control of alloys in the steelmaking process, firstly, the physical and chemical properties of all alloys were analyzed, including the physical form, strength, wear resistance and composition of alloys, and an alloy database was established based on the analytical results to guide the addition of alloys. Secondly, the alloy yield of typical steel grades was analyzed, and a correlation analysis was carried out between the alloy yield and the process parameters using Pearson correlation coefficient, and  the following results was obtained. The Mn element yield increased with the reduction of oxygen content at the end of the converter and the increase of endpoint temperature. T-LSTM neural network and K-means clustering algorithm were used to predict the alloy yield of converter tapping, increasing the temperature of tapping, reducing the end of the oxygen content was conducive to improving the alloy yield. Finally, the intlinprog function based on matlab was used to solve the linear programming for the dosage scheme with the lowest cost, and the intelligent optimization control system of steelmaking alloy was developed to realize the lowest cost of alloy. The alloy intelligent optimization control system was applied in a  120 t converter at a steel mill, the model was operated online  for 8 months and  verified data  from 26 000 furnaces. The average alloy consumption of steel reduced by 0.46 kg/t, and the alloy cost of steel grades reducted by 1.21—6.58 yuan/t,  with an average reduction of  3.71 yuan/t. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and control of 1215MS steel in LF refining process  Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 36-44.   Abstract （159）      PDF（pc） （2171KB）（71）       Knowledge map    Save In order to achieve precise control of oxygen content in LF refining process of 1215MS steel，thermodynamic calculations were carried out on the oxygen balance reaction between slag and steel．On the basis of combining production practice in a certain factory，the refining process control techniques such as weak deoxidation of molten steel，the refining slag composition，and modified inclusions in calcium treatment were analyzed and studied．Corresponding improvement measures have been proposed and good results have been achieved．The results showed that by retaining 0.050%-0.060% carbon mass fraction at the end of the converter process，step-by-step weak deoxidation was adopted during the tapping process，controlling the aluminum mass fraction in molten steel to be 0.002 5%-0.004 5%，and the oxygen mass fraction to be 0.003 0%-0.005 0%．LF refining process adjusted the composition of refining slag w(FeO+MnO) to be 5%-7%，w (Al2O3) to be 18%-20%，basicity to be 2.0-2.5，Mannesmann index to be 0.10-0.15，and calcium treatment controled the endpoint calcium mass fraction of molten steel to be 0.001 0%-0.002 0% at the end of refining．The mass fraction of dissolved oxygen at the refining endpoint could be precisely controlled to be 0.005 0%-0.006 0%，the total oxygen mass fraction of the casting billet could be controlled to be 0.012%-0.014%，the proportion of sulfide inclusions with a length to width ratio no more than 4  increased from 53.2% to 84.8%. Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of mold parameters on the dent occurrence of billets  Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 66-73.   Abstract （94）      PDF（pc） （4850KB）（68）       Knowledge map    Save Hot loading and hot delivery of con-casting billets can significantly reduce rolling costs, save energy, reduce carbon emissions, and improve the economic benefits of enterprises. Good billet quality is the foundation of hot loading and hot delivery, and dent defects in billet are one of the important factors affecting the surface quality of the billet. The influence of mold parameters on billet dents was discussed in the paper. According to the numerical simulation and the shrinkage characteristics of the billet, the mold taper was reasonably designed from the original single-taper to the three-taper, so that the mold taper coincides with the cooling and shrinkage of the liquid steel in the mold, the cooling of the corners and central parts were more uniform, and the defects of dent reduced significantly in billets. The coating and slow cooling strip were added to the mold, weakening the corner cooling, making the cooling of the billet uniform, reducing the occurrence of dents, and improving the hot delivery rate and yield of the billet. After mold parameters optimization, the pass rate for dent in CrMo steel billet increased from 73.73% to 94.80%, the average width of the dent reduced from 45 mm to 15 mm, and the depth reduced from 5 mm to 2 mm. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of bubble generation behavior from magnesium lance with an evaporation chamber Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 10-19.   Abstract （97）      PDF（pc） （1523KB）（66）       Knowledge map    Save The magnesium lance with an evaporation chamber is widely used in the pretreatment process of hot metal desulfurization and graphite spheroidization of cast iron, but the bubble generation mode during the blowing process and its effect on magnesium utilization remain unclear. In this paper, the blowing condition of a certain company was taken as the research condition, and the theoretical calculations showed that the time to reach pressure equilibrium between the inner and outer sides at the outlet of the evaporation chamber during the blowing process was very short (0.005 4 s), and it was considered that bubble generation started at the bottom exit inner diameter of the evaporation chamber. A two-stage bubble generation mode of expansiondetachment for the lance with an evaporation chamber was put forward, with the end of the detachment stage occurring in two scenarios due to instability of the bubble or obstruction on the outer side of the evaporation chamber outlet. On this basis, a mathematical model of bubble generation was established, the effect of bubble refinement on magnesium utilization enhancement was analyzed, and the optimization scheme of opening a curved slot along the bottom of the evaporation chamber was proposed. Field experiments showed that reducing the size of the gas outlet could increase the specific surface area of the bubbles in the melt pool, which effectively improved the utilization rate of magnesium and the life of the lance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of different slag on oxygen content in steel by electroslag remelting under atmosphere protection Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 20-27.   Abstract （151）      PDF（pc） （1634KB）（62）       Knowledge map    Save The influence of two slag systems on the type, size and morphology of inclusions in hot work die steel was studied in a 10 t protective atmosphere electroslag remelting furnace. The results show that the mass fraction of T.O in molten steel increases to 0.001 6% and the size of inclusions increases when S2 slag is used for electroslag remelting. The inclusions after S2 slag electroslag remelting are mainly Al2O3, while the inclusions after S1 slag are mainly MgO-Al2O3. The S1 slag has higher optical basicity and stronger desulfurization ability. The difference in the content of Als and Mg in steel is related to the basicity of the two slag. The calculation model of molten slag was established and the activity of Al2O3 in slag was calculated. According to the Al-O equilibrium relationship, the content of oxygen in molten steel can be controlled by reducing the activity of Al2O3 in slag and increasing the basicity of slag, so as to produce ingots with low oxygen content. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of gas curtain wall and the V-shape perforated baffle on the flow and temperature fields in an irregular three-strand tundish Steelmaking    2025, 41 (6): 44-55.   Abstract （65）      PDF（pc） （2495KB）（61）       Knowledge map    Save The stability and consistency of the continuous casting slabs are critical issues for the three-strand continuous casting with an irregular tundish. The mathematical model for the calculation of the RTD curve with the an irregular tundish, the flow and temperature fields of the irregular tundishes using argon blowing through gas curtain wall and with flow control device was established by coupling the standard k-ε model, DPM, mass and heat transfer models. Numerical simulations were used to investigate the effects of different flow control measures on the consistency of flow, RTD characteristics and temperature among three outlets of an irregular tundish by comparing the prototype tundish, gas curtain wall tundish and V-shape perforated baffle tundish. The flow velocity distribution of cloud maps and vector diagrams, and the distribution of tracer were ranked in superior sequence as baffle tundish, gas curtain wall tundish and prototype tundish. For the prototype, gas curtain wall and baffle tundishes, from the calculation results of RTD curves,the average residence times were 692.8, 673.1, 725.2 s; the dead region fractions were 20.4%,24.8%,14.9%; the peak value standard deviations were 1.97,1.19,0.266; and the average inlet-outlet temperature differences were 11.32,14.10,10.81 K, respectively. Therefore, the V-shape perforated baffle tundish is better than the prototype tundish and gas curtain wall tundish, which is conducive to the removal of inclusions and slab quality consistency of the three strands. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and practice on scrap steel addition in LF for reducing iron consumption Steelmaking    2025, 41 (6): 35-43.   Abstract （216）      PDF（pc） （1656KB）（59）       Knowledge map    Save The technical pathway of scrap steel into ladle during the LF refining process within long-process steelmaking to reduce hot metal consumption and its impact on the steelmaking process were studied. The results show that increasing the amount of scrap steel added to 150 kg/t can reduce the consumption of hot metal by 10% to 15%, while decreasing CO2 emissions per ton of steel by 11.0%. However, the addition of scrap steel also brings a series of challenges. For every 50 kg/t increase in scrap steel, the nitrogen mass fraction of the molten steel increases by (3～5)×10-6, and the total oxygen and hydrogen content also increase synchronously. The number and rating of inclusions in molten steel also increase，and power, electrode, and ladle refractory consumption significantly rise. Through thermodynamic and kinetic studies on scrap steel melting, quality standards of scrap steel for LF were established, and a method of preheating to 500～1 000 ℃ was proposed. By combining the improvement of heating efficiency, control of scrap steel particle size, and strengthening argon stirring, the melting time of scrap steel was shortened and the fluctuation of composition was reduced, the better economic and social benefits had achieved. Based on the synergistic improvement of calcium treatment and soft blowing process, the morphology and distribution of inclusions was improved, the purity of molten steel was enhanced, and the mechanical properties of steel had not been affected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development status and prospects of nitrogen-containing high manganese steel  Steelmaking    2025, 41 (6): 10-22.   Abstract （98）      PDF（pc） （3170KB）（59）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of the times, the traditional high manganese steel is difficult to meet today's needs in terms of mechanical properties, hardness and even wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Improving the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of high manganese steel through nitrogen alloying to extend the service life of steel, and the preparation of nitrogen-containing high manganese steel with excellent performance and stability is a trend of today's development.The influence of nitrogen on the alloying of high manganese steel, the influence of the smelting process,casting process and heat treatment on nitrogen-containing high manganese steel were described in this article.Finally, the future development direction of high manganese steel was discussed and summarized. Related Articles | Metrics

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Practice of coordinated operation of processes in the refining section Steelmaking    2025, 41 (5): 86-92.   Abstract （61）      PDF（pc） （1127KB）（59）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of oxygen and sulfur content on the evolution of inclusions in steelmaking and continuous casting process for low-carbon steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (6): 97-106.   Abstract （74）      PDF（pc） （3884KB）（58）       Knowledge map    Save The morphologies, quantities, sizes, and composition changes of inclusions in two heats of Q195L steel with different oxygen and sulfur contents (G85 and G86) were compared and analyzed for the samples of the converter end, the inlet and outlet of the argon station, the tundish, and the continuous casting slab. Combined with thermodynamic calculations and analysis of the compositions of steel and slag samples, the evolution law of inclusions was studied. The results indicate that the Q195L steel mainly contains Al2O3 inclusions, MnS inclusions, and Al2O3+MnS composite inclusions, which is consistent with the thermodynamic calculation results. The number density of Al2O3 inclusions with a diameter greater than 5 μm increases significantly from the converter end to the inlet of the argon station. This is because high-purity aluminum blocks are added for deoxidation during the converter tapping process. The oxygen content in steel mainly affects the content of large-size inclusions. The O element content in the tundish of G85 heat is higher than that of G86 heat, resulting in a significantly higher content of Al2O3 inclusions greater than 5 μm compared to G86 heat. The sulfur content in steel mainly affects the content of fine MnS inclusions. After the inlet of the argon station, the S element content in the molten steel of G85 heat is lower than that of G86 heat, resulting in the content of MnS inclusions greater than 0.2 μm lower than that of G86 heat. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of the low-cost clean steel platform technology. Related Articles | Metrics