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Present development and prospect of RH vacuum refining Steelmaking    2025, 41 (1): 1-11.   Abstract （724）      PDF（pc） （1360KB）（343）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on several key technologies of converter steelmaking  Steelmaking    2024, 40 (1): 1-8 .   Abstract （459）      PDF（pc） （1984KB）（327）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Theoretical analysis on the slag forming route of converter gasification dephosphorization slag with remaining slag blowing Steelmaking    2024, 40 (1): 19-23.   Abstract （182）      PDF（pc） （925KB）（251）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Control process of oxide inclusions in ultralow carbon IF steel Steelmaking    2024, 40 (6): 75-82.   Abstract （118）      PDF（pc） （3402KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the castability and cleanliness of ultra-low carbon IF steel in continuous casting, the optimization of converter bottom blowing process, carbon and oxygen contents control at the endpoint, top slag modification, efficient vacuum deeper decarburization technology and enhancing protection of casting process were carried out. The results showed that using the annular-tubes type bottom nozzle instead of the original capillary type gas permeable brick bottom blowing, the single tube bottom blowing intensity 0.086 m3/(t·min), and the stirring energy 0.40 W/t, which could significantly improve the stirring capacity in the later stage of blowing. The average carbon and oxygen product of the molten steel at the endpoint of the converter reached 0.002 09. The vacuum was rapidly pumped to the limit vacuum degree, and the vacuum decarburization efficiency was the highest at 3-5 min forced oxygen blowing stage and holding 8-12 min under limit vacuum degree. Reducing the residual oxygen content after vacuum decarburization and optimizing the top slag composition of ladle could significantly reduce the Al2O3 inclusion formation and promote the adsorption and dissolution of inclusions by top slag. With the protection of continuous casting,the control level of oxide inclusion and pouring ability of molten steel has been significantly improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical simulation and industrial testing of the interaction between oxygen lance and molten pool in a 210 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (2): 30-37.   Abstract （142）      PDF（pc） （1174KB）（230）       Knowledge map    Save To solve the problems of low oxygen supply intensity and long smelting cycle in the 210 t large converter, 10 oxygen lance nozzles were designed and water model test were performed. The results showed that the impact cavity formed by the 5-hole oxygen lance jet had better independence, and under the same oxygen flow rate, its impact depth was greater than that of the 6-hole oxygen lance. Among the ten oxygen lance nozzles, the nozzle 3 and nozzle 4 have the best impact depth. The impact area (radius) significantly increases with the increase of inclination angle, and the nozzle 3, 4, 9 and 10 have better impact areas compared with other nozzles. Therefore, the nozzle 3 was used as the new 5-hole oxygen lance for industrial testing, and the nozzle 9 was used as the new 6-hole oxygen lance for industrial testing. The experimental results were compared with the original 6-hole oxygen lance. The industrial test results show that in terms of phosphorus removal ability, the new 6-hole lance is the best, while the original 6-hole lance is the worst. Compared to the original 6-hole lance, the new 5-hole lance does not have the ability to shorten the oxygen supply time, while the average oxygen supply time of the new 6-hole lance is shortened by 22 s. In terms of lifespan, the new 5-hole lance is not as good as the original 6-hole lance, while the lifespan of the new 6-hole lance is equivalent to that of the original 6-hole lance.Compared to the original 6-hole lance, the new 6hole lance has a significant effect on reducing the total iron content in slag and steel material consumption. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical simulation study on bottom powder injection in RH refining process Steelmaking    2024, 40 (1): 39-46.   Abstract （190）      PDF（pc） （1656KB）（226）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Process practice of low manganese steel in converter Steelmaking    2024, 40 (3): 15-19.   Abstract （167）      PDF（pc） （1273KB）（225）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of deoxidation and alloying process for the cleanliness of Al-killed steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (1): 53-62.   Abstract （299）      PDF（pc） （2103KB）（212）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Dual functions and control methods of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel Steelmaking    2025, 41 (3): 19-.   Abstract （115）      PDF（pc） （4142KB）（203）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical simulation of macrosegregation formation in large round bloom continuous casting Steelmaking    2024, 40 (3): 56-65.   Abstract （152）      PDF（pc） （2741KB）（193）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical simulation and application research on the secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle of a 100 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (2): 16-23.   Abstract （124）      PDF（pc） （3318KB）（183）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the oxygen supply parameters of a 100 t converter, a secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle was designed and the turbulent jet characteristics of the fluid inside the converter were described through  k-ε  model calculation. A secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle with a diameter of 13.3 mm, a tilt angle of  38°, and 8 secondary holes was design. The nozzle was applied in industrial production under the condition of oxygen flow rate of  24 500-26 000 m3/h and working oxygen pressure of 0.85 MPa. Industrial tests showed that the secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle could meet the normal requirements for converter slagging. Compared to conventional oxygen lance nozzles, the secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle had better smelting effect at the upper limit of oxygen flow rate of 26 000 m3/h, which was beneficial for controlling converter splashing and slag overflow. The secondary combustion oxygen lance nozzle could exert the secondary combustion effect of CO in the furnace, increase the temperature of molten steel by 23.80 ℃, increase the scrap ratio by 1.48%, and achieve good application results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of slag basicity on the cleanness of molten steel with VD vacuum treatment Steelmaking    2024, 40 (1): 32-38.   Abstract （176）      PDF（pc） （1556KB）（176）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on pollution emissions from electric furnace treatment of urban abandoned waste Steelmaking    2024, 40 (3): 82-88.   Abstract （106）      PDF（pc） （2316KB）（175）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on VD refining technology Steelmaking    2024, 40 (4): 1-10.   Abstract （258）      PDF（pc） （12465KB）（164）       Knowledge map    Save Vacuum degassing (VD) refining, characterized by strong reactions between slag and steel within a vacuum atmosphere, serves functions such as degassing, desulfurization, and the control of non-metallic inclusions. This method is of great importance for producing high-quality clean steel. This work presented an overview of the development history and industrial applications of VD refining technology, described in detail the research and production of VD refining in degassing, desulfurization and inclusion control, and gave some suggestions for this process at the end. In VD refining, researches on vacuum degassing (including O, N, H) mainly focused on optimizing process parameters and enhancing equipment performance. It could control [H] in steel within (1-2)×10-6 and [N] within (40-60)×10-6, and denitrogen in VD had some advantages. Regarding desulfurization, VD refining benefitted from favorable thermodynamic and kinetic conditions, enabling control of [S] in steel at relatively low levels. In terms of inclusion control, VD process could decrease the quantity of inclusions effectively and modify inclusions through optimizing slag compositions and process parameters. The related research results had certain guiding significance for the research and industrial production of VD refining, offering favorable references for reducing impurity element content, controlling non-metallic inclusions, as well as improving steel cleanliness. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on high manganese iron molten steelmaking process of converter Steelmaking    2024, 40 (1): 14-18.   Abstract （334）      PDF（pc） （743KB）（156）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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State of the art in the control of inclusions by slag in steelmaking process of ultra-low carbon IF steel Steelmaking    2024, 40 (2): 1-22.   Abstract （371）      PDF（pc） （19824KB）（155）       Knowledge map    Save Ultra-low carbon IF steel sheet is mainly used in ultra-deep drawing parts such as automotive exposed panel, etc., which is faced with main surface quality problems caused by the steelmaking defects of inclusions, mold flux entrapment and bubbles. Therefore, the slag properties used in the whole steelmaking process play an important role in controlling inclusions in steel. In the present paper, the effects of slag on inclusion control were summarized from two aspects of the slag physicochemical properties and the slag characteristics in different steelmaking stages. It was found that the adsorption and dissolution of inclusions by slag was related to the physicochemical properties of slag and the sizes of inclusions. The main control objectives of RH refining slag were low oxidation and appropriate w(CaO)/w(Al2O3). The TFe mass fraction was generally controlled in 2.0 %–8.0 %, and the w(CaO)/w(Al2O3) was controlled in 1.2–1.8. In addition, the basicity of refining slag was generally controlled in 4–10. The tundish flux and mold flux should first prevent the carbon increase in the molten steel, and secondly prevent the secondary oxidation of the molten steel caused by SiO2 in the slag. At the same time, they should also be capable of adsorbing inclusions. The high basicity tundish flux for ultra-low carbon IF steel generally had the basicity of 2.9–11.5, the w(CaO)/w(Al2O3) was controlled in 1.0–2.5, and the (FeO +MnO) mass fraction was controlled in 1.9 %–4.0%. The basicity of the mold flux for ultralow carbon IF steel was generally controlled in 0.85–1.0, the w(CaO)/w(Al2O3)  was controlled in 5.0–8.5, and the (FeO+MnO) mass fraction was less than 1 %. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of soft blowing on the purity of GCr15 bearing steel Steelmaking    2024, 40 (3): 33-38.   Abstract （142）      PDF（pc） （1503KB）（153）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status and comparison of 300 series stainless steel smelting process Steelmaking    2025, 41 (2): 1-8.   Abstract （166）      PDF（pc） （1181KB）（153）       Knowledge map    Save The common 300 series stainless steel smelting process under different raw material conditions was summarized. According to the different raw material structure, there are five kinds of 300 series stainless steel smelting processes widely used at present. The advantages and disadvantages of five kinds of 300 series stainless steel smelting processes were summarized, and the cost differences of five kinds of smelting processes based on production data were analyzed. The results show that the process of intermediate frequency furnace has cost advantage in the process with total cold raw materials. Compared with total cold raw materials, the process cost is better when the main raw material is nickel hot metal in small BF or RKEF (rotary klin electric furnace). Among all the raw materials, the most cost-competitive process is to use nickel hot metal of RKEF as the main raw material. The research results of this paper can provide reference for the selection of raw materials and process flow of 300 series stainless steel production. Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction model of phosphorus content in converter steelmaking based on  ensemble learning Steelmaking    2025, 41 (2): 9-15.   Abstract （199）      PDF（pc） （1550KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save Accurate prediction of endpoint phosphorus content can solve the problem that the composition of molten steel cannot be continuously detected during the converter blowing process, promote the rapid tapping of the converter and shorten the smelting cycle.Based on the actual production data of a 100 t converter in a steel mill in Hunan Province, a prediction model of molten steel phosphorus content at the end of the converter based on an ensemble learning algorithm was established. The main influencing factors were determined by analyzing the converter dephosphorization process, and the input variables of the model were determined based on the actual production of the steel mill. The interquartile range method, LOF algorithm and other methods were used for data preprocessing, and the best parameters of the model were determined by combining the 10-fold cross validation method and the grid search method.Four ensemble learning algorithms (RF, AdaBoost, MultiBoosting, and Stacking) were used to establish the models, and  the prediction results of the four models were compared, it was found that the Stacking model had the best prediction effect, with the highest hit rate, the lowest root mean square error and the average absolute percentage error, and the hit rates were 86.08% and 97.84% when the error of molten steel phosphorus mass fraction at the prediction end point was ±0.003% and ±0.005%, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Gasification characteristics and exergy analysis on pulverized coal-CO2 in wet flue gas of 120 t converter Steelmaking    2025, 41 (4): 90-96.   Abstract （89）      PDF（pc） （1395KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save In order to make the converter vaporizing flue blowing pulverized coal process applied to iron and steel production with low cost and high applicability, and to achieve the purpose of carbon reduction, it is necessary to study the reaction characteristics of pulverized coal gasification-conversion reaction with CO2 in high temperature flue gas of converter as well as to conduct the exergy. The reaction characteristics of pulverized C-CO2 under different atmospheric and temperature conditions were investigated by settling furnace experiments, and industrial tests were carried out in a 120 t converter wet flue gas system, the change in exergy loss and exergy efficiency was calculated during the test.The results of the settling furnace experiments showed that the higher the reaction temperature was, the more favorable the reaction of pulverized C-CO2 was, and it reached the maximum at 1 350 ℃; with the increase of CO2∶CO ratio in the atmosphere, the conversion of CO2 in the flue gas showed an increasing trend.The results of the industrial experiments showed that, in the case of pulverized coal blowing amount of 3.76 kg/t, the average volume fraction of CO in the converter gas increased by 5.53 percentage points, the average volume fraction of CO2 decreased by 3.83 percentage points, and the value of the recovered gas increased by 2 690.95 kJ/m3.And with the increase of coal injection, the exergy efficiency increased by 89.06% which showed that it was feasible to convert CO2 into CO by blowing pulverized coal in the converter vaporizing flue, and the pulverized coal-CO2 gasification reaction was well. Related Articles | Metrics