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    Quality evaluation of grain-oriented silicon steels for 220-1 000 kV power transformers
    CHENG Ling, ZHANG Yanbing, MA Guang, HE Chengxu, HAN Yu, CHEN Yunxiang
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (1): 30-.  
    Abstract114)      PDF(pc) (1554KB)(510)       Save
    Quality supervision and evaluation were conducted on the grian-oriented (GO) silicon steel used for power transformers/reactors in the 220-1 000 kV substation project newly built and expanded by State Grid Corporation of China from 2020 to 2023. A total of 175 substation projects, 24 transformer manufacturing enterprises, and 3 GO steel production enterprises were involved. Based on the technical conditions and testing method standards of GO steels, over 20 000 pieces of GO steel samples, including 23 grades such as 20QH070, 23QH075, 27QH085, and 30QH100, were randomly inspected. Overall, the failure rate of performance has been decreasing year by year, and the problems in magnetic properties, coating performance, and appearance quality of batch supplied GO steels have been identified. By continuously conducting quality assessments of GO steels, we have provided strong support for strengthening the source control of power transformer quality and helping to build an inherently safe power grid. 
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    Research on the development trend of thin gauge and very-thin/ultra-thin gauge electrical steel#br#
    CHEN Zhuo
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (1): 46-.  
    Abstract182)      PDF(pc) (661KB)(404)       Save
    In recent years, the rapid development of the global new energy vehicle market, coupled with the rapid advancement of self-adhesive coating technology, has led to an increasing demand for thin gauge electrical steel. This is especially true for the high-end electric motor market, such as high-speed motors and micro motors, where the rapid progress in self-adhesive coating technology has greatly driven the demand for very-thin/ultra-thin gauge electrical steel. Currently, many electric motor manufacturers for new energy vehicles are seeking to purchase self-adhesive coated electrical steel. Numerous electrical steel companies, research institutions, coating companies, and core manufacturers are actively developing self-adhesive coating and die-cutting techniques. From this, we can observe a trend in the development of thin gauge and very-thin/ultra-thin gauge electrical steel.This article focused on elaborating on thin gauge and very-thin/ultra-thin gauge electrical steel, their current production status, development, and demand trends. 
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    Research progress of high-temperature annealing process  for grain-oriented silicon steel#br#
    PENG Xiaoqian, FAN Gangqiang, TAN Jianfen, YANG Qun, LIU Qi
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (2): 1-.  
    Abstract145)      PDF(pc) (2013KB)(389)       Save
    High-temperature annealing is a crucial process in the production of cold-rolled grain-oriented silicon steel, and extensive research has been conducted by practitioners over several decades, leading to significant advancements. The high-temperature annealing equipment, process, and microstructure growth mechanism of grain-oriented silicon steel were summarized based on the characteristics of the process and existing domestic and foreign researches. Furthermore, potential directions for future research in the high-temperature annealing process were proposed.
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    Application and prospects of grain oriented silicon steel in electric motor
    LU Xusheng, LI Yangyang, MA Deji, LI Zhiye, ZENG Lubin, PEI Ruilin
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (1): 23-.  
    Abstract234)      PDF(pc) (1654KB)(364)       Save
    In order to further reduce the iron loss and improve the performance of the motor, the application of grain oriented silicon steel instead of nonoriented silicon steel to motors has become a new research field. This paper introduced the technical development of grain oriented silicon steel applied to motors, summaried the influence of each technology on motor performance, analyzed the problems existing in the application of oriented silicon steel motor and its future development trend. It provides reference for the development direction of high efficiency, high power density and low loss in China’s motor industry.
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    Influence of wire cutting and laser cutting processes on magnetic properties of electrical steel for motors#br#
    GE Jiahao, LI Weizhou, MA Deji, ZENG Lubin, PEI Ruilin
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (2): 10-.  
    Abstract117)      PDF(pc) (2863KB)(348)       Save
    The cutting process will lead to the deterioration of the magnetic properties of the electrical steel, causing changes in the microstructure of the edge of the electrical steel. The cutting experiment was carried out on the non-oriented electrical steel sheet, and the effects of wire cutting and laser cutting processes on the magnetic properties of electrical steel were studied. The magnetic properties of wire-cut and laser-cut electrical steels were tested by using the test method of annular specimens, and the material model was constructed based on the measured data, and the material model was combined with the motor model under actual working conditions, and the motor loss was verified by simulation. The results showed that the wire cutting process has little effect on the magnetic properties of electrical steel, and the loss of electrical steel in the wire cutting process for motors is low.
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    Development of BRQ for hotrolled base material of oriented silicon steel in Benxi Steel#br#
    LI Dejun, ZHANG Bing, WANG Fei, ZHU Rongxin
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (4): 40-.  
    Abstract113)      PDF(pc) (1134KB)(318)       Save
    The development of oriented silicon steel hotrolled base materials combining the equipment conditions of Benxi Steel was introduced in this paper. The smelting and hot rolling process of oriented silicon steel BRQ hot rolling base material were designed based on the characteristics and limit conditions of steelmaking and continuous casting equipment at Benxi Steel, solving the problem of casting billet structure caused by electric stirring without secondary cooling section, as well as the problems of hot rolling slab heating furnace loading, temperature and time control, temperature drop, speed and stability in the rough and fine rolling area of the 3/4 continuous rolling unit. Through process optimization, a process and production plan corresponding to limited equipment conditions were formed, achieving stable production of oriented silicon steel hotrolled base material BRQ.
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    Current status and development direction of electrical steel in China
    ZHANG Fengquan, ZHANG Weilin, SUN Wenquan
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (4): 1-.  
    Abstract118)      PDF(pc) (2417KB)(310)       Save
    Analyzed the current situation of electrical steel in China from the aspects of production, import and export volume, product structure changes, standards, grades, and magnetic induction changes in recent years. By analyzing the changes in the price index of electrical steel in the past two years, it is demonstrated that it conforms to normal market rules. The development direction of electrical steel is proposed from three aspects: electrical steel products, process technology,and process equipment, and several suggestions for electrical steel standards are proposed.
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    Analysis on the differences in primary recrystallization microstructure and texture of low-temperature nitriding grain-oriented#br# silicon steel with different thicknesses#br#
    CAO Bo, YANG Ping, SHAN Zhongyu, GU Xinfu
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (1): 6-.  
    Abstract109)      PDF(pc) (3795KB)(299)       Save
    The EBSD technique was used to study whether differences in primary grain sizes and textures exist in successfully produced grain-oriented silicon steels with thicknesses of  0.27 mm, 0.23 mm, 0.20 mm. Results showed that the average grain sizes of primary recrystallized sheets with three kinds of thicknesses are all in the range of 20-22 μm when determined from the transverse sections, basically close to 21.4 μm. In 0.27 mm thick sheets, the average grain size in sheet center is larger than that in the surface region. As sheet thickness decreases, the average grain sizes in surface region gradually approach to those in sheet center. At the same time, the primary recrystallization texture is enhanced, namely, the main texture components {114}〈481〉, {111}〈112〉 and {100}〈021〉 are all enhanced to a certain extent, among which the intensity of {114}〈481〉 texture is significantly higher than other textures. The area fractions of {114}〈481〉 and {111}〈112〉 grains increase, and those of Goss and {210}〈001〉 grains decrease. Among these three kinds of thicknesses, the area fractions of Goss, {210}〈001〉 and {114}〈481〉 grains in the surface region are all higher than those in the center region, while the fraction of {100}〈021〉 and Brass grains are lower than those in the center region. Similar to the increase in texture intensity with reduced sheet thickness, the {114}〈481〉 and {111}〈112〉 textures in the surface and center regions, as well as the {100}〈021〉 texture in the central layer region are all significantly enhanced.
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    Tension optimization in field-weakening region of the tension reel of silicon steel decarbonization annealing line#br#
    LIU Peidi, SUN Jun, XIONG Jinle
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (2): 31-.  
    Abstract68)      PDF(pc) (1685KB)(293)       Save
    Due to the recent strong demand for silicon steel market, the continuous annealing lines which have been in operation for 10 years have to increase the speed and improve the quality improvement. Because of the single layer of silicon steel getting thinner and thinner, the yield rate and the concession rate of the whole coiling process were more and more obvious affected by the coiling tension. By studying the principle of tension control and tension optimization schemes, a practical tension model for strip coiling was established, which gradually find out the torque accuracy and linearity of the asynchronous motor of the tension reel in weak magnetic region. The optimizations of the motor drive (inverter) and the PLC program make the torque accuracy (winding tension) meet the requirements of the coiling process.
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    Study on the effects of different normalization cooling processes on grain-oriented silicon steel#br#
    SHI Chao, SONG Cheng, XIANG Li, LI Jianjun
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (1): 15-.  
    Abstract127)      PDF(pc) (4650KB)(283)       Save
    The effects of three common cooling rates, namely air cooling, a cooling rate of  40  ℃/s, and water cooling, on the hot-rolled plate of a grain-oriented silicon steel were studied from the differences of microstructure, texture, and precipitate phases. As the normalizing cooling rate increased, the number of grains on the normalized plate surface increased, while the grain size gradually decreased. This would promote the transformation of austenite phases in the steel into metastable phases. After normalization, there was no significant change in the texture of the hot-rolled plate; all experimental steels exhibited a strong  α fiber texture, a weak γ fiber texture, and a weak Goss texture along the plate thickness direction. In addition, the size and volume fraction of precipitate phases in the plate decreased as the cooling rate increased.
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    Analysis of material selection of amorphous alloy and silicon steel for PMSM at different speeds
    YAN Changhao, FAN Qinglin, MA Deji, HU Haiyang, WANG Lihui, ZENG Lubin, PEI Ruilin
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (1): 52-.  
    Abstract101)      PDF(pc) (1203KB)(280)       Save
    The magnetic properties of amorphous materials and silicon steel were introduced and simulated separately in high-speed motors. Based on the simulation results, the efficiency of the two materials and the differences in iron loss at different speeds were compared and analyzed. And the changes in the iron loss of amorphous materials and silicon steel under different rotational speeds were studied. The results showed that amorphous materials have obvious advantages in high-speed motors, providing material selection suggestions for motors under different rotational speed conditions.
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    Microstructure and texture evolution during temper rolling and annealing of Fe-3 %Si steel sheets prepared by planar flow casting#br#
    ZHANG Ning, XU Jiangjie, TU Yang, ZHOU Xiaozhou, ZHANG Bo, MENG Li
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (1): 1-.  
    Abstract116)      PDF(pc) (1196KB)(280)       Save
    In this paper, Fe-3 %Si solidified steel sheets produced by planar flow casting were subjected to temper rolling and annealing processes, so as to explore short process fabrication of ultra-thin non-oriented electrical steel, meanwhile the microstructure and texture evolution during light rolling and annealing were studied. Results showed that there are major columnar grained structures in solidified sheets, and the fraction of {100} grains is higher than 30 %, indicating beneficial {100} texture in the sheets. After light rolling, low orientation change and in grain orientation split are shown in most of the grains, and deformation behaviors in different grains are shown to be dependent on their initial orientations. The lower stored deformation energy in {100} oriented grain contributes to heritage advantage after annealing, thus beneficial  {100} grains in annealed samples still occupy more than 30 % area. Fine grains with non {100} orientations increase after annealing, so as to reduce the average grain size and weaken {100} texture to some extent.
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    Behavior analysis on Bi before secondary recrystallization of high permeability grain-oriented silicon steel
    YANG Jiaxin, SHEN Minghui, GUO Xiaolong, SONG Gang, LIU Min, GAO Yang, LUO Xin'gen, CHENG Xiangwei
    Electrical Steel    2023, 5 (4): 1-.  
    Abstract102)      PDF(pc) (1155KB)(273)       Save
    Based on wire-cut samples including cast slab, hot-rolled, normalized, cold-rolled and decarburized plates of 0.27 mm thickness high permeability grainoriented silicon steel by both Bi-bearing high-temperature and low-temperature slab reheating processes, the Bi particles were observed by BSE model of SEM and the semi quantitative analysis to the distribution of Bi was conducted by auger electron spectroscopy. The results showed that the undissolved Bi in molten steel would exist in the form of elemental particles as sphericity during the following different procedure processes, and both processes had the highest precipitate percentages of Bi after decarburizing anneal. In addition, both processes had the general same segregation regularity of Bi, each procedure process having obvious grain boundary segregation, and the Bi’s relative amount of grain boundary segregation up to the highest after decarburizing anneal.
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    Cause analysis and process improvement of cold-rolled broken strip of silicon steel#br#
    SHU Zeteng, HUA Xiaojie, BAI Lu, YAO Xinyu, YE Qin, DONG Xiangyun, YAN Chengliang
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (2): 17-.  
    Abstract147)      PDF(pc) (2795KB)(270)       Save
    The cause of cold-rolled broken strip of silicon steel was analyzed, so as to further improve the preparation process of silicon steel and reduce the probability of cold-rolled broken strip. The experimental results showed that the contents of brittle inclusions such as AlN and Al2O3 in the fractured part and unfractured part of cold-rolled broken strip are respectively 26.03 % and 29.65 % higher than those of the qualified samples, while the contents of plastic inclusions such as sulfides and complex nitrogen sulfides are 64.75 % and 56.14 % lower than those of the qualified samples. During the rolling process, brittle inclusions will form gaps around them, and these cracks will form cracks, forming long cracks under the action of rolling force, and eventually causing band breakage.In order to reduce the belt breakage, 0.03 %~0.05 % Sn element can be added to reduce the proportion of brittle inclusions in the inclusions, and meanwhile extend the duration of the argon blowing station during 2~3 min smelting, which can make the inclusions evenly distributed, and prevent the accumulation of brittle inclusions, and ultimately reduce the probability of cold-rolled broken strip.
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    Optimal control of the crosssectional shape of hotrollednonoriented silicon steel
    GUO Lihe, Li Zhenzhong, SUN Hao, LIU Shiying, WANG Chao
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (4): 35-.  
    Abstract81)      PDF(pc) (1301KB)(262)       Save
    The product accuracy of cold-rolled non-oriented silicon steel sheet needs to be guaranteed by hot rolling to provide excellent raw materials, and the hot rolling mill provides non-oriented silicon steel cold-rolled base material for the cold rolling mill, and the product cross-sectional shape is directly inherited to the final product size of cold rolling. The whole process of hot rolling ensures the precise control of the final convexity, wedge shape and transverse thickness difference of the product, involving the control of slab quality, heating furnace steel quality, rough rolling plate shape control, finishing roll design, centering rolling and channeling roll strategy, etc., to ensure the control accuracy of the final section shape of the hot rolled finished product, and to provide section guarantee for the cold rolling in the later process.
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    The development of Hitachi Metals’ amorphous ribbons
    MA Changsong
    Electrical Steel    2023, 5 (4): 38-.  
    Abstract235)      PDF(pc) (684KB)(261)       Save
    Hitachi Metals is the world's largest manufacturer of amorphous ribbons and renamed as Proterial in 2023. In this paper, the development of Hitachi metals’ amorphous ribbon was reviewed. The process features of single furnace production and continuous multi-furnaces production were compared. In the process of continuous multi-furnaces production, the realizable continuous casting and coiling can greatly enhance the production efficiency and yield, but require high stability of production equipment and process control. Furthermore the development of new products, new application field and new standards about amorphous ribbons were also introduced. The new production HB1M with high saturation induction and magnetic domain controlled low iron loss Fe-based amorphous alloys “MaDC-ATM”can effectively reduce the core loss. A recycling plant to handle the amorphous metal cores used in amorphous transformers was established. The recyclings are used as raw materials for amorphous ribbons to achieve low production cost and recycling of products. They also expand in other areas of application such as amorphous motor, amorphous block core for solar power generation and Ni-based amorphous brazing materials.
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    Study on annealing of triangular amorphous solid coil iron core
    HUANG Yongliang
    Electrical Steel    2023, 5 (5): 52-.  
    Abstract148)      PDF(pc) (848KB)(260)       Save
    The annealing process technology of triangular amorphous three-dimensional coil iron core directly affects the product performance of the amorphous three-dimensional coil iron core. Improper annealing process will lead to the scrapping of the entire batch of iron cores, causing significant economic losses. The annealing processes of triangular amorphous three-dimensional coil iron cores were analyzed comprehensively in this paper, combining with material inspection and control, which achieve stable mass production of triangular amorphous three-dimensional coil iron cores.
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    Causes and control measures of flying shear steel sticking in continuous annealing line of silicon steel
    TANG Jingtao, CHEN Xiaoning, LUO Jianhong, LI Wei
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (1): 59-.  
    Abstract87)      PDF(pc) (589KB)(255)       Save
    The shear blade of an export crank type fly shear in a silicon steel continuous annealing unit was unable to fall back to the initial low position normally during the continuous shearing,and collided with the plate and strip head in motion,causing the fault of steel sticking.The reason was analyzed in this paper, and the improvement and control method to solve the corresponding failure of flying shears were put forward, which solved the fault of the fly shear, ensured the continuity of stable production, improved the productivity and conformity of the continuous annealing unit. The application effect is good.
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    Study on microstructure and texture evolution of grain-oriented silicon steel
    LIU Xuming, ZHANG Haili, WANG Yitong, GUO Han, GENG Zhiyu, ZHAO Yang, JIANG Qiwu
    Electrical Steel    2023, 5 (4): 14-.  
    Abstract175)      PDF(pc) (2876KB)(254)       Save
    Based on the experience of developing HiB grain-oriented silicon steel with thickness of 0.27 mm in Ansteel, the changes and evolutions of microstructures and textures in hot rolling, normalizing, cold rolling, decarburizing annealing and high temperature annealing processes were studied in this paper. The results showed that the surface layer structures of the hot rolled plate were recrystallized structures, and the central layer structures were incomplete recrystallized banded structures. Recrystallization of the grain-orientated silicon steel and the growth of the recrystallized structures were occurred after normalization. And after cold rolling and decarburization annealing, the structures of the grain-orientated silicon steel transformed into equiaxed ferrite grains. The surface layer grain of the hot rolled plate was {110}〈001〉 Goss grain, which was strengthened in situ after normalization. After cold rolling, the Goss textures were changed to {111}〈112〉 textures and some of them were remained in the shear zone of deformation, which then grew up to the textures with Goss textures as the main texture components during secondary recrystallization.
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    Research status of laser scoring to reduce the iron loss of grain-oriented electrical steel
    ZHANG Jiasheng, ZHANG Jianzhi, LIU Ting
    Electrical Steel    2024, 6 (4): 45-.  
    Abstract128)      PDF(pc) (530KB)(242)       Save
    Laser marking is an effective means to reduce the iron loss of grainoriented electrical steel, and it is also the only marking technology that has been widely used in industry. In this paper, various techniques for refining grainoriented electrical steel magnetic domains and their advantages and disadvantages are listed. The types, characteristics and research status of laser scoring systems are reviewed, and the development of laser scoring technology is prospected.


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