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Table of Content

    05 August 2014, Volume 30 Issue 4
    Practice on catching carbon during tyre cord steel C72DA smelting process
    2014, 30(4):  1-4. 
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    Four measures were implemented to reach the goal of catching carbon during the tyre cord steel C72DA production, which were ultrahigh position of lance plus light double slag operation, the control of lime burning and granularity, the amount of first batch contained with manganese ore and performing remaining slag operation. It was found that with the four measures, the mass fraction of phosphorus and carbon in endpoint steel could be controlled 0.006 %-0.010 %and 0.27 %-0.32 % 
    separately; while the endpoint temperature of steel is 1 630 ℃ above stably.
    Optimization of refining process for low carbon composite fast cutting steel
    2014, 30(4):  5-9. 
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    Through chemical composition and refining slag metallurgical effect optimization, the low carbon composite fast cutting steel was successfully developed by the “60 t Consteel EAF→LF→VD→CC” process in Shougang Guiyang Special Steel Co.,Ltd.  Results show that the steel chemical composition was stable, the inclusions distributed were uniform and cutting performance was good. The cutting property  of low carbon composite fast cutting steel material by the optimized process was much better than that before, the surface roughness had  reached  the level of  0.8 μm.
    Analysis and control on crack of HPB300 small-section billet
    2014, 30(4):  10-14. 
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    The causes of cracks of HPB300 smallsection billet in WuKun Steel were researched and analyzed by technology investigation and using billet low magnification analysis. The results show that the main cause of billet cracks is the high sulfur content in steel (w(S)>0.030 %), reduces the critical strain value of steel;carbon content control is low (w(C)=0.12 %-0.17 %), leads to the stress concentration of weak part of billet shell, increases sensitivity of surface cracks and dents;superheat of liquid steel is higher(average 33 ℃),cooling intensity is large (the second cooling water consumption 1.92 L/kg),casting speed is slow (2.12 m/min), improve surface temperature gradient of billet, further increase crack sensitivity. For the aboved reasons, chemical composition, superheat of liquid steel, the second cooling water consumption, casting speed were optimized, quality of billet has been significantly improved, crack rate of billet was decreased from 9.5 % to 0.2 %,centre cracks completely was eliminated, corner crack and middle crack defects were dropped to grade 0.2.
    Analysis and control of surface cracks on casting bloom of microalloyed steel
    2014, 30(4):  15-19. 
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    Based on the conditions of defects of HSLA steel during solidification,the process parameters of continuous casting were analyzed. The surface cracks of  bloom
     were investigated by optical microscopy, SEM and EDS, the precipitates were analyzed by TEM. Furthermore, the hot ductility was studied by Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator. The results showed that ferrite film, formed in straightening area, is in the range from 17-25 μm, would lead to stress concentration at grain boundaries. Cracks would be induced by the higher content of copper. In addition, the surface temperature of  bloom  was improved 40 ℃ with the casting speed increasing from 0.58 m/minto 0.63 m/min. In order to decrease the cracks during continuous casting, the mass fraction of nitrogen in steel  should be controlled  in 45×10-6, the  basicity of mold powder and viscosity should be controlled  at 1.11, 0.85Pa·s, and the  molten slag layer should  greater than 8 mm.
    Reason analysis and control measures of container steel by CSP process
    2014, 30(4):  20-24. 
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    Based on the theoretical research and production practice, the causes of longitudinal crack breakout and sticking breakout was discussed from
    of the composition of molten steel, the degree of superheat, the taper of crystallizer, the casting powder of crystallizer, and more aspects.
    After some regulatory  measure was adopted, such as   carbon,sulphur content and superheat control  of  liquid steel,  heat transfer control of crystallizer, weak cold control of the secondary cooling zone, and flow field control of crystallizer, the breakout rate of container steel produced by the thin slab continuous casting process has been reduced from 1.25 % to 0.35 %.
    Energy-saving technologies of clean construction steel production
    2014, 30(4):  25-28. 
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    In order to improve the producing process of traditional converterconstruction steel, serials of technologies were implemented in the Second Steelmill Plant in Tangsteel. The efficiency of steelmaking was enhanced by controlling exactly the quality and quantity of burden. The whole continuous casting technology with equilibrium and stable production was improved. The technologies of ladle covering and increasing ladle turning over rate were utilized. The processes of production were optimized. And the efficiency of recycling secondary energy and processing energy consuming were raised to higher level. The recycling steam of converter and the recycling gas volume have escalated year by year. And the energy consumption, both of converter′s process and long product material have declined gradually. In 2013, the best ratios of energysaving were realized that the recycling steam of converter, the oxygenconsumption, the recycling gas volume, the converter’s
     process energy consumption, the continuous casting process energy consumption were 98.29 kg/t, 45.27 m3/t, 130.09 m3/t, -0.83GJ/t and 0.22GJ/t  
     respectively,as well as the steelmaking process reached -0.61 GJ/t. The highest entering temperature of billets to the heating furnace was 900 ℃. The heat burden ratio of the second rod line was 100  %. The rolling  process energy consumption was 0.70 GJ/t. The whole process energy consumption from steelmaking to
     rolling   reached to  0.09 GJ/t.
    Research on new technology of dephosphorization in semi-steel ladle based on numerical simulation
    2014, 30(4):  29-32. 
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    This paper aims at upgrading ladle equipment to achieve efficient dephosphorization in ladle with adding specialized dephosphorization oxygen lance, combined with the semisteel dephosphorization process in Chengde Iron and Steel Company, the characteristics of oxygen jet was simulated by commercial Fluent software to optimize the design of specialized dephosphorization oxygen lance. The industrial experiments showed that the new oxygen lance performed better slagging and stirring effects, and the new process had a well dephosphorization rate which could reach 51.8  %. At the same time, the dephosphorization rate showed an upward tendency with the temperature of semi-steel rising in the range of experimenting temperature. And the ratio of decarburization quantity and dephosphorization quantity was 3.17∶1.
    Reason analysis of surface longitudinal cracks for 20 round bar
    2014, 30(4):  33-35. 
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    In order to find the causes of surface linear cracks in round bar rolled from 20 steel billet, spectrum analyzer, optical microscope, scanning
    electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis were employed to examine chemical composition, microstructure of surface crack, type
    of inclusion in the cracks. The results show that cracks are caused by surface pores in 20 steel billet. Surface pores which are burned in rolling
    heating process are oxidized and can not be pressed. Surface linear crack defects are eventually formed in the process rolling extension.
    Effects of superheat on the center segregation in continuous casting slab of X65 steel
    2014, 30(4):  36-41. 
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    The effects of superheat on center segregation in continuously cast slab of X65 pipeline steel were investigated. The results of
    macrostructure etching showed that center segregation was dispersed across the equiaxed zone and the negative segregation was thick, which
    results in the thick incidence of center segregation in the thickness direction of the slab. However, in highsuperheat cast slab, the center
    segregation was compressed in a narrow range in the vicinity of slab center and formed the obvious centerline segregation which was thinner
    than that of lowsuperheat cast slab. It is revealed by the chemical analysis results that the fluctuation of element content across the
    thickness with lowsuperheat casting was larger than that of high-superheat casting. Compared to the lowsuperheat cast slabs, the
    average maximum segregation index of carbon and manganese was decreased from above 1.20 and 1.04to below 1.10 and 1.02 respectively in high-superheat cast slabs. The above mentioned results indicated that high-superheat with soft reduction was more effective to improve and control the center segregation in X65 pipeline steel. The application results of high-superheat (>25  ℃) with soft reduction on X65 acid resistant pipeline steel showed that the average maximum segregation index of carbon and manganese was decreased from 1.18and 1.04 to 1.06and 0.99, while the yield ratio and impact toughness were increased from 0.83 and  370 J  to 0.92 and 430 J respectively.
    Influence of refining slag on the inclusions in SUS444 ferrite stainless steel
    2014, 30(4):  42-46. 
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     The equilibrium experiment between VOD refining slag and SUS444 ferrite stainless steel was carried out in the MgO crucibles at 1873 K. The influence of refining slag on the total oxygen content in stainless steel and the composition, quantity and size distribution of inclusions were investigated. It is concluded that the mass fraction of T. O in the deoxidized steel sample ranged from 0.006 3 %- 0.007 4 %. The T. O content in the steel decreased with the increasing of refining slag basicity and the decreasing of Al2O3 activity in the slag. With the increasing of basicity of refining slag, the number of inclusions per unit area as well as the average area fraction of inclusions in the steel sample decreased during the refining process. The mean particle size of inclusions reduced with the decreasing of Al2O3 content in the slag. After adding the deoxidizing alloy, the inclusions in the sample were Al2O3 and MgO×Al2O3 and complex oxides containing a small amount of SiO2 and MnO. After calcium treatment, the main inclusions in steel were spherical MgO·Al2O3-CaO. The mole ratio of MgO to Al2O3 in the MgO×Al2O3 inclusions, , increased with increasing the activity ratio of MgO to Al2O3 in the refining slag, . By present experiments, the refining slag, which the composition was R=3.5, w(Al2O3)=10 %, w(MgO)= 10 %, w(CaF2)= 5 %, had a good refining effect.
    Characteristics of the slab continuous casting mold and mechanism of solidified shell crack fracture
    2014, 30(4):  47-51. 
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    In this paper, the formation mechanism of the starting slab surface longitudinal cracks were discussed from a mechanical point of view. Combined with Shougang Jingtang United Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. slab production practices, the  apply effects of  mold  thermal images   in predicting and controlling cracks in the slab  were  analyzed. Through the analysis of the field data,  the breakout crack propagation mechanism   was  illustrated. When cracks in the mold, the heat can be seen on the map as a slight temperature drop phenomenon,  and  the emergence of  vertical cracks always with longitudinal depression  was  briefly described.
    Research on the inclusion during refining and continuous casting process of tire cord steel
    2014, 30(4):  52-56. 
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    The type, morphology and distribution of the inclusion in tire cord steel at each operation position of LD-LF-VD-CC production process were investigated. The result shows that it is bad for desulfurization to add refining slag during LD tapping, but it provides conditions for pre-slagging and inclusion modification in the following process. In order to gain a good plasticity of inclusion, neutral slag was used during refining process, it is forbidden to use bauxite at adjusting slag process, and the basicityof final slag was required at 0.9~1.1. Through analyzing the large inclusion, it can be found that most composition of inclusion is SiO2-Al2O3 and a small portion include Na2O and K2O. It should be involved refractories. Therefore, it is very important to use high quality refractories and control temperture of the molten steel and casting speed.
     Study on laminated defects on the surface of cold rolled SUH409L stainless steel sheet
    2014, 30(4):  57-60. 
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      The surface defects of cold-rolled SUH409L stainless steel sheet were analyzed by scanning electron microscope.  The results indicate that the defects are caused by complicate oxides of CaO·TiO2-MgO·Al2O3.Analysis of the rules of inclusion evolve, these inclusions were deoxidation products during the steelmaking. The deoxidation products which attached to the inner wall of the nozzle as the affect of molten steel flowing were captured by the solidification slab shell in the mold. The defects were caused by these subsurface inclusions during the cold rolled process. The formation of CaO·TiO2-MgO·Al2O3 inclusions can be prevented by controlling the appropriate content of aluminum in steel from the point of the mechanism of the inclusion formation, which can reducing the slag oxidizability and avoiding oxidation of titanium in steel. By the way of optimization of steelmaking process, the proportion of cold rolled laminated defects decreased from 1.294 % to 0.259 % .
    Practice of multi-functional hot metal ladle technology in Shougang Jingtang
    2014, 30(4):  61-64. 
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    The paper introduces key technologies of BFBOF interface about hot metal ladle's transportation, accurate weighing, dynamic tracking and
    heat preservation in Shougang Jingtang. The multifunctional hot metal ladle technology has been succeeded achieved. The BFBOF interface was simplified,the process route was shorten,the charge weight of hot metal was stable, and the hot metal temperature drop has been decreased. Then the hot metal temperature for desulphurization has been increased, and the thermodynamics conditions for KR desulphurization were created. The mass fraction of sulfur in hot metal at the end of KR treatment can be controlled steadily below 25×10-6. The favourable conditions for the construction of three D (decarbonization, desulfurization and dephosphorization ) efficient low-cost clean steel production platform have been achieved.
    Dynamic prediction of the endpoint carbon content and temperature in the molten bath based on the exhaust gas analysis
    2014, 30(4):  65-69. 
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    Based on the gas flow and composition of  exhaust gas, which obtained by the exhaust gas analysis, and the carbon integral mathematical model constructed by carbon balance principle, the carbon content in the molten bath could be predicted dynamically. The prediction accuracy of the carbon content in the molten bath dynamically could be improved by the correction on such parameters as the delay time of the exhaust gas information, the volume of exhaust gas, the coefficient of oxygen lance level and the inflection point aand b of  the decarburization  rate  curve. On the basis of dynamic prediction of the carbon content, the dynamic prediction model of the heat temperature could be constructed  on the heat balance theory and the reaction thermodynamic between carbon and oxygen. And the prediction accuracy of the molten bath  temperature could be improved through the correction of decarburization rate inflection point aand b, and different prediction model constructed according to three different stages. The Visual Basic 6.0software and SQL Server 2000  database are employed to develop the  dynamic prediction system about the carbon content and temperature in the molten bath. The data of 46 smelting furnaces were run offline operation by employing this system, and the result of which show that the mass fraction of carbon at the end-point is less than 0.2 %, the  prediction accuracy is 84.8 % as the deviation of the end-point mass fraction of carbon prediction is
    less than 0.02 %, and when  the deviation of the end-point temperature is less than 20 ℃, the prediction accuracy is 84.8 %. On the whole, the C-T double hit rate  could reach to 73.9 %, which could basically meet the work-field demand on the end-point prediction.
    Applications of logistical simulation to One-Ladle-Mode iron-making/steel-making interface
    2014, 30(4):  70-74. 
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      One-Ladle-Mode iron-making/steel-making interface technology, which means that hot metal ladles run through the iron-making/steel-making process, is the development direction of iron-making/steel-making interface. To ensure production long-term good running, some problems have to be solved, such as production operation, scheduling, operating preparation, and etc. With the help of logistical simulator, the characters of One-Ladle-Mode iron-making/steel-making interface have been analyzed. A lot of strategies could be provided, such as reasonable hot metal ladles transferring strategies below the iron notch of blast furnace, economic num of hot metal ladles circulating online, optimizing buffer region of hot metal ladles, adequate capacity of casting pig equipment. Because of knowing these strategies in advance, it is help for reach the aim of reducing production costs and keeping the production good running when the One-Ladle-Mode iron-making/steel-making process is put into practice.
    High  efficiency  and  low cost production technology for stainless steel  in  TISCO
    2014, 30(4):  75-78. 
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    Main equipments and production process of No.2  Steelmaking Plant of  TISCO are briefly introduced in this paper. The progress in reducing cost and improving production efficiency was discussed. The specification of 400 series stainless steels steelmaking process in TISCO is using hot metal as the major materials, which is apt to produce superferritic stainless steels. The process used in TISCO need lower cost than traditional process which using waste steels as major materials. The specification of 300 series stainless steels steelmaking process in TISCO is using pig iron consisted of chromium and nickel as the major materials. The dosage of pig iron reaches 625 kg/t which is at the advanced level throughout China.